实验动物行业兽医现状分析

实验动物行业中,兽医体现在实验动物相关工作中的每一个环节,包括实验动物的日常管理、动物实验的设计、实验过程中动物健康保障和护理、实验动物福利的监督和管理、动物实验技术的应用、实验动物取材、施行安死术等。通过参阅相关文献资料,结合自身工作总结,就目前实验动物兽医现状进行分析,供各位同仁以参考。     

动物试验方法的专利申请

 为判断动物试验方法是否具备实用性，分析了中国关于实用性的相关规定，通过4个典型案例对动物试验方法是否属于非治疗目的的外科手术方法、是否具备实用性进行了分析，总结判断标准并给出了撰写权利要求的建议。在撰写动物试验方法的专利申请时，应当注意该方法的目的及该方法是否包含外科手术步骤，并针对该方法的不同情况采用不同的撰写策略。     

Can online search data improve the forecast accuracy of pork price in China?

Online search data provide us with a new perspective for quantifying public concern about animal diseases, which can be regarded as a major external shock to price fluctuations. We propose a modeling framework for pork price forecasting that incorporates online search data with support vector regression model. This novel framework involves three main steps: that is, formulation of the animal diseases composite indexes (ADCIs) based on online search data; forecast with the original ADCIs; and forecast improvement with the decomposed ADCIs. Considering that there are some noises within the online search data, four decomposition techniques are introduced: that is, wavelet decomposition, empirical mode decomposition, ensemble empirical mode decomposition, and singular spectrum analysis. The experimental study confirms the superiority of the proposed framework, which improves both the level and directional prediction accuracy. With the SSA method, the noise within the online search data can be removed and the performance of the optimal model is further enhanced. Owing to the long-term effect of diseases outbreak on price volatility, these improvements are more prominent in the mid- and long-term forecast horizons.     

水生动物补偿生长现象及机制研究进展

水生动物补偿生长现象及机制的研究对探讨其适应多变的水环境适应策略和提高其养殖效益都具有重要意义,是近30年来水生动物生理生态学研究的热点。本文对水生动物营养性胁迫及恢复生长期间的生理生态变化,以及补偿生长的生理、生化和分子机制的相关研究进行综述,还对环境胁迫引起的水生动物补偿生长现象及机制的研究进行总结。总体而言,水生动物的补偿生长研究已涉及到群体、个体、组织器官、生化和分子水平,但是仍需更多的研究成果来补充完善其理论体系。     

对虎在我国两大岛屿上分布的历史考察

通过对虎遗存与发掘出的历史文献记载分析、辨证可知,我国的海南与台湾两大岛屿不仅在史前有虎,而且分别延续到宋代与清初,这是对专家、学者迄今多认为我国台湾与海南向来无虎分布观念的突破。     

Multiple paths to aquatic specialisation in four species of Central American Anolis lizards

Aquatic anoles present an interesting ecomorphological puzzle. On the one hand, the link between habitat use and morphology is well established as convergent within the Caribbean anole radiation. On the other hand, aquatic anoles do not appear to form an ecomorphological group – rather, it appears that there may be several ways to adapt to aquatic habitats. We explore this issue by examining the ecology, morphology and performance of four species of Central American aquatic anoles belonging to two different lineages. Overall, we find that aquatic anoles overlap in multiple ecological and morphological dimensions. However, we do find some differences in substrate use, claw and limb morphology, and bite force that distinguish Anolis aquaticus from the other three species (A. lionotus, A. oxylophus and A. poecilopus). Our results suggest that A. aquaticus is adapted to climb on boulders, whereas the other species utilise vegetation in streamside habitats.     

比较硝酸银和抗生素治疗小鼠金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌创伤感染的效果

目的比较硝酸银与抗生素治疗小鼠金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌皮肤创面感染的效果。方法实验分为3个大组,首先建立动物创伤模型,使创面分别感染金黄色葡萄球菌、感染铜绿假单胞菌以及混合感染两种菌,然后每组用不同浓度的硝酸银及抗生素进行治疗,记录感染创面结痂时间及愈合时间并进行分析。结果对皮肤创面细菌感染,硝酸银可以起到和抗生素同样的治疗效果,且对耐药性铜绿假单胞菌感染的治疗同样有效。结论本实验证实了硝酸银在体内的杀菌作用及广谱抗菌性,随着银粒子及银离子在医疗上的作用被重新认识,在临床中可以将硝酸银与抗生素复合使用,以达到更好的杀菌和抑菌效果。     

New ascothoracid crustacean endoparasites of Scleractinia

The ascothoracid crustacean genus Petrarca, endoparasites of scleractinian corals, is reviewed and revised. Petrarca bathyactidis, the type-species, is partly redescribed. The range of P. okadai is extended to East Africa. Three new species of Petrarca are described: P. indica in Flabellum deludens from the Indian Ocean near Ceylon; P. morula from Turbinaria sp. in the Banda Sea; P. azorica in Enallopsammia rostrata from the North Atlantic. Zibrowia auriculata gen. et sp. nov. infests Balanophyllia carinata off East Africa, and the same species appears to live in Tubastraea micranthus off East Africa and Dendrophyllia sp. at Réunion and in the Comoros. Unlike other ascothoracids, eggs and larvae are not brooded within the carapace valves, though they may be attached to them externally. Nauplii of P. okadai and Z. auriculata are described; they are generalized with familially distinct features. Adults of both genera have an overall neotenic appearance. They always occur in galls in groups of two or more, suggesting simultaneous infestation. Ahermatypic corals or their close hermatypic relatives seem to be preferred hosts, and Petrarca has a wider geographic and depth range than confamilial genera.     

Histories of molecules: Reconciling the past

Molecular data and methods have become centrally important to evolutionary analysis, largely because they have enabled global phylogenetic reconstructions of the relationships between organisms in the tree of life. Often, however, molecular stories conflict dramatically with morphology-based histories of lineages. The evolutionary origin of animal groups provides one such case. In other instances, different molecular analyses have so far proved irreconcilable. The ancient and major divergence of eukaryotes from prokaryotic ancestors is an example of this sort of problem. Efforts to overcome these conflicts highlight the role models play in phylogenetic reconstruction. One crucial model is the molecular clock; another is that of ‘simple-to-complex’ modification. I will examine animal and eukaryote evolution against a backdrop of increasing methodological sophistication in molecular phylogeny, and conclude with some reflections on the nature of historical science in the molecular era of phylogeny.     

长春南湖水生生态系统的能流特征

在作者多年对长春南湖水体进行能量生态学研究的基础上,从生态系统水平进行了能流分析。到达南湖湖面的太阳总辐射为4 969 635.4kJ.m-2.a-1,植物光合作用固定了30 244kJ.m-2.a-1的能量,其效率相当于入射太阳总辐射的0.6%。净初级生产力的15%被植食动物同化。植食动物同化的2 391kJ.m-2.a-1能量,用于呼吸1 467kJ.m-2.a-1,被食肉动物同化445kJ.m-2.a-1,被分解或未利用479kJ.m-2.a-1。食肉动物的总生产力为445kJ.m-2.a-1,呼吸消耗270kJ.m-2.a-1,被分解或未利用175kJ.m-2.a-1。与Cedar Bog湖、银泉(Silver Springs)相比,南湖植食动物对初级生产者的利用效率最低(15.0%),反映了富营养化湖泊的重要特点。应定量研究南湖中被分解和未被利用的部分,进一步揭示某些能流过程的强度与方向。